Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Routine outcome monitoring in psychiatric clinical practice: background, overview and implications for person-centered psychiatry

Martijn van Noorden, NJA van der Wee, FG Zitman, EJ Giltay

Abstract


Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) is the systematic measurement of treatment outcomes in routine clinical practice. On the level of the patient and clinician, ROM may be a valuable source of information about patient’s symptoms, treatment progress and psychosocial functioning. Furthermore, ROM can be used for purposes of research and benchmarking. The naturalistic character of the evaluations provide data that are more representative of ‘real-world’ patients than data derived from clinical trials. Despite these advantages, ROM has not been extensively implemented in psychiatry. The aim of the present qualitative review was to provide an overview of the conceptual background of the historical development, aims, methodological issues and potential applications of ROM in psychiatric outpatient settings and to consider their relevance to the development of person-centered psychiatry.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ellwood, P.M. (1988). Shattuck lecture--outcomes management. A technology of patient experience. New England Journal of Medicine 318, 1549-1556.

Holloway, F. (2002). Outcome measurement in mental health--welcome to the revolution. British Journal of Psychiatry 181, 1-2.

Relman, A.S. (1988). Assessment and accountability: the third revolution in medical care. New England Journal of Medicine 319, 1220-1222.

Zimmerman, M., Ruggero, C.J., Chelminski, I., Young, D., Posternak, M.A., Friedman, M., Boerescu, D. & Attiulah, N. (2006). Developing brief scales for use in clinical practice: the reliability and validity of single-item self-report measures of depression symptom severity, psychosocial impairment due to depression, and quality of life. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67, 1536-1541.

van Noorden, M.S., Giltay, E.J., den Hollander-Gijsman, M.E., van der Wee, N.J. , van Veen, T. & Zitman, F.G. (2010). Gender differences in clinical characteristics in a naturalistic sample of depressive outpatients: The Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study. Journal of Affective Disorders 125, 116-123.

van Noorden, M.S., Minkenberg, S.E., Giltay, E.J., den Hollander-Gijsman, M.E., van Rood, Y.R., van der Wee, N.J. & Zitman, F.G. (2011). Pre-adult versus adult onset major depressive disorder in a naturalistic patient sample: the Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study. Psychological Medicine 41, 1407-1417.

Carlier, I.V., Meuldijk, D., van Vliet, I.M., van Fenema, E.M., van der Wee, N.J. & Zitman, F.G. (2012). Routine outcome monitoring and feedback on physical or mental health status: evidence and theory. Journal of Evaluation and Clinical Practice 18, 104-110.

de Beurs, E., den Hollander-Gijsman, M.E., van Rood, Y.R., van der Wee, N.J., Giltay, E.J., van Noorden, M.S., van der Lem, R., van Fenema, E. & Zitman, F.G. (2011). Routine outcome monitoring in the Netherlands: practical experiences with a web-based strategy for the assessment of treatment outcome in clinical practice. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 18, 1-12.

Gilbody, S.M., House, A.O. & Sheldon, T.A. (2002). Outcomes research in mental health. Systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry 181, 8-16.

Slade, M. (2002). What outcomes to measure in routine mental health services, and how to assess them: a systematic review. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36, 743-753.

Goodwin, D. & Guze, S. (1996). Psychiatric diagnosis. Fifth edition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fauci, A.S., Braunwald, E., Kasper, D.L., Hauser, S.L., Longo, D.L., Jameson, D.L., et al. (2008). The Practice of Medicine. 17th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Smith, G.R., Jr., Manderscheid, R.W., Flynn, L.M. & Steinwachs, D.M. (1997). Principles for assessment of patient outcomes in mental health care. Psychiatric Services 48, 1033-1036.

Quinones, M.P. & Kaddurah-Daouk, R. (2009). Metabolomics tools for identifying biomarkers for neuropsychiatric diseases. Neurobiology of Disease 35, 165-176.

Mayes, R. & Horwitz, A.V. (2005). DSM-III and the revolution in the classification of mental illness. Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences 41, 249-267.

American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Third edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth edition-Text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Zitman, F.G. (1990) Standaardisering van psychiatrische diagnostiek. In: Diagnostiek in de psychiatrie, mogelijheden en grenzen. (Abraham, R.E., Giel, R., Rooijmans, H.G.M. & Zitman, F.G. eds.). Leiden: Boerhaave Commissie.

Gilbody, S., House, A.O. & Sheldon, T.A. (2003). Outcomes measurement in psychiatry: a review of outcomes management in psychiatric research and practice. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination report 24. University of New York, New York.

Ishak, W.W., Burt, T. & Sederer, L.I. (2002). Outcome Measurement in Psychiatry: a critical review. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Tohen, M., Bromet, E., Murphy, J.M. & Tsuang, M.T. (2000). Psychiatric epidemiology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 8, 111-125.

Robins, L.N., Helzer, J.E., Croughan, J. & Ratcliff, K.S. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 381-389.

Robins, L.N., Wing, J., Wittchen, H.U., Helzer, J.E., Babor, T.F., Burke, J. et al. (1988). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic Instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 1069-1077.

Kessler, R.C., Mcgonagle, K.A., Zhao, S.Y., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.U. & Kendler, K.S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of Dsm-Iii-R Psychiatric-Disorders in the United-States - Results from the National-Comorbidity-Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 8-19.

Lecrubier, Y. (1997). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry 12, 224.

Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 23, 56-62.

Montgomery, S.A. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry 134, 382.

Uher, R., Farmer, A., Maier, W., Rietschel, M., Hauser, J., Marusic, A., Mors, O., Elkin, A., Williamson, R.J., Schmael, C., Henigsberg, N., Perez, J., Mendlewicz, J., Janzing, J.G., Zobel, A., Skibinska, M., Kozel, D., Stamp, A.S., Bajs, M., Placentino, A., Barreto, M., McGuffin, P. & Aitchison, K.J. (2008). Measuring depression: comparison and integration of three scales in the GENDEP study. Psychological Medicine 38, 289-300.

de Beurs, E. & Zitman, F.G. (2006). The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Reliability and validity of a practical alternative to SCL-90. MGV, 61, 120-41.

Derogatis, L.R. & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychological Medicine 13, 595-605.

Ware, J.E., Jr. & Sherbourne, C.D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care 30, 473-483.

Kessler, R.C. (2007). Psychiatric epidemiology: challenges and opportunities. International Reviews in Psychiatry 19, 509-521.

Burger, H. & Neeleman, J. (2007). A glossary on psychiatric epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61, 185-189.

Bijl, R.V., Ravelli, A. & van Zessen, G. (1998). Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, 587-595.

de Graaf, R., Ten Have, M. , van Gool, C. & van Dorsselaer, S. (2012). Prevalence of mental disorders and trends from 1996 to 2009. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47 (2) 203-213.

De Klerk, S., van Noorden, M.S., van Giezen, A.E., Spinhoven, P., den Hollander-Gijsman, M.E., Giltay, E.J., Speckens, A.E. & Zitman, F.G. (2011) Prevalence and correlates of lifetime deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation in naturalistic outpatients: the Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study. Journal of Affective Disorders 133, 257-264.

Grootenboer, E.M., Giltay, E.J., van der Lem, R., van Veen, T., van der Wee, N.J. & Zitman, F.G. (2012) Reliability and validity of the global assessment of functioning scale in clinical outpatients with depressive disorders. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 18, 502-507.

Atkins, D., Best, D., Briss, P.A., Eccles, M., Falck-Ytter, Y., Flottorp, S., Guyatt, G.H., Harbour, R.T., Haugh, M.C., Henry, D., Hill, S., Jaeschke, R., Leng, G., Liberati, A., Magrini, N., Mason, J., Middleton, P., Mrukowicz, J., O’Connell, D., Oxman, A.D., Phillips, B., Schünemann, H.J., Edejer, T.T., Varonen, H., Vist, G.E., Williams, J.W., Zaza, S. & GRADE Working Group. (2004). Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. British Medical Journal 328 (7454) 1490.

Kaptchuk, T.J. (2001). The double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: gold standard or golden calf? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 54, 541-549.

Rorty, R. (1977). Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Licht, R.W., Gouliaev, G., Vestergaard, P. & Frydenberg, M. (1997). Generalisability of results from randomised drug trials. A trial on antimanic treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry 170, 264-267.

Wells, K.B. (1999). Treatment Research at the Crossroads: The Scientific Interface of Clinical Trials and Effectiveness Research. The American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 5.

Zimmerman, M. (2002). Are subjects in pharmacological treatment trials of depression representative of patients in routine clinical practice? The American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 469-473.

van der Lem, R., van der Wee, N.J., van Veen, T. & Zitman, F.G. (2010). The generalizability of antidepressant efficacy trials to routine psychiatric out-patient practice. Psychological Medicine 16, 1-11.

Marcus, S.M., Young, E.A., Kerber, K.B., Kornstein, S., Farabaugh, A.H., Mitchell, J., Wisniewski, S.R., Balasubraman, G.K., Trivedi, M.H. & Rush, A.J. (2005). Gender differences in depression: findings from the STAR*D study. Journal of Affective Disorders 87, 141-150.

Zisook, S., Rush, A.J., Lesser, I., Wisniewski, S.R., Trivedi, M., Husain, M.M., Balasubraman, G.K., Alpert, J.E. & Fava, M. (2007). Preadult onset vs. adult onset of major depressive disorder: a replication study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 115, 196-205.

Slade, M. (2002). Routine outcome assessment in mental health services. Psychological Medicine 32, 1339-1343.

Burgess, P.M., Pirkis, J.E., Slade, T.N., Johnston, A.K., Meadows, G.N. & Gunn, J.M. (2009). Service use for mental health problems: findings from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, 615-623.

Lambert, M.J., Hansen, N.B. & Finch, A.E. (2001). Patient-focused research: using patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69, 159-172.

Norquist, G.S. (2002). Role of outcome measurement in psychiatry. In: Outcome measurement in psychiatry. First ed. (Ishak, W.W., Burt, T. & Sederer, L.I., eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Dickey, B. (2002). Outcome measurement from research to clinical practice. In: Outcome measurement in psychiatry. First ed. (Ishak, W.W., Burt, T. & Sederer, L.I., eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Greenhalgh, J. & Meadows, K. (1999). The effectiveness of the use of patient-based measures of health in routine practice in improving the process and outcomes of patient care: a literature review. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 5, 401-416.

Hysong, S.J. (2009). Meta-analysis: audit and feedback features impact effectiveness on care quality. Medical Care 47, 356-363.

Knaup, C., Koesters, M., Schoefer, D., Becker, T. & Puschner, B. (2009). Effect of feedback of treatment outcome in specialist mental healthcare: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 15-22.

Mane, K.K., Bizon, C., Schmitt, C., Owen, P., Burchett, B., Pietrobon, R. & Gersing, K. (2012) VisualDecisionLinc: A visual analytics approach for comparative effectiveness-based clinical decision support in psychiatry. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 45 (1) 101-106.

Sox, H.C. & Greenfield, S. (2009). Comparative effectiveness research: a report from the Institute of Medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine 151, 203-205.

Washington. A.E. & Lipstein, S.H. (2011). The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute - Promoting Better Information, Decisions, and Health. New England Journal of Medicine 365 (15) e31.

Schulte-van Maaren, Y.W., Carlier, I.V., Giltay, E.J., van Noorden, M.S., de Waal, M.W., van der Wee, N.J. & Zitman, F.G. (2012). Reference values for mental health assessment instruments: objectives and methods of the Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice In press.

Dawber, T.R., Meadors, G.F. & Moore, F.E., Jr. (1951). Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham Study. American Journal of Public Health and Nations Health 41, 279-281.

Gatta, G., Capocaccia, R., Stiller, C., Kaatsch, P., Berrino, F. & Terenziani, M. (2005). Childhood cancer survival trends in Europe: a EUROCARE Working Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, 3742-3751.

Pui, C.H., Sandlund, J.T., Pei, D., Campana, D., Rivera, G.K., Ribeiro, R.C., Rubnitz, J.E., Razzouk, B.I., Howard, S.C., Hudson, M.M., Cheng, C., Kun, L.E., Raimondi, S.C., Behm, F.G., Downing, J.R., Relling, M.V., Evans, W.E. & Total Therapy Study XIIIB at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital. (2004). Improved outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Total Therapy Study XIIIB at St Jude Children's Research Hospital. Blood 104, 2690-2696.

Pui, C.H. & Evans, W.E. (2006). Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 354, 166-178.

Lee, S.J., Earle, C.C. & Weeks, J.C. (2000). Outcomes research in oncology: history, conceptual framework, and trends in the literature. Journal of the National Cancer Instiute 92, 195-204.

Purcell, S.M., Wray, N.R., Stone, J.L., Visscher, P.M., O'Donovan, M.C., Sullivan, P.F., Sklar, P. & International Schizophrenia Consortium. (2009). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 460, 748-752.

Uher, R., Muthen, B., Souery, D., Mors, O., Jaracz, J., Placentino, A., Petrivic, A., Zobel, A., Henigsberg, N., Rietschel, M., Aitchison, K.J., Farmer, A. & McGuffin, P. (2010). Trajectories of change in depression severity during treatment with antidepressants. Psychological Medicine 40, 1367-1377.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.640

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.